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1945 Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-electrical-mechanical device called a Memex, for memory extension, which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche 1957 USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the following year, within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military (:amk:) 1958 In response, U.S. forms the ARPA within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military. 1960s Doug Engelbart prototypes an "oNLine System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing editing, email, and so on. He invents the mouse for this purpose. 1967 Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS. 1969 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) goes online in December, connecting four major U.S. universities. Designed for research, education, and government organizations, it provides a communications network linking the country in the event that a military attack destroys conventional communications systems. 1972 ARPANET a worldwide network created in the 1960s that was maintained by the US Department of Defense to facilitate communications btwn research facilities and universities. April 1972: Telnet is born. July 1972: The first Internet email message is sent and the beloved @ symbol is born 1973 -- Global Networking becomes a reality  · First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)  · Ethernet outlined -- this how local networks are basically connected today.  · Internet ideas started.  · Gateway architecture sketched on back of envelope in hotel lobby in San Francisco. Gateways define how large networks (maybe of different architecture) can be connected together. February 1973: FTP is born 1976-AT&T Bell Labs developed Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol (UUCP). 1977 -- E-mail takes off, Internet becomes a reality  · Number of hosts breaks 100.  · THEORYNET provides electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed E-mail system and TELENET for access to server).  · Mail specification  · First demonstration of ARPANET/Packet Radio Net/SATNET operation of Internet protocols over gateways. April 1979: Emoticons/Smileys :-) are born. 1979: USENET (newsgroups) is established, along with the first MUD (Multi-User Dungeon). 1979 -- News Groups born  · Computer Science Department research computer network established in USA. USENET established using UUCP. October 1980: The first virus attacks! 1980 ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October because of an accidentally-propagated status-message virus

Sammy in Updikes A&P Essay -- John Updike

The main character in John Updike's short story â€Å"A&P† is Sammy. The story's first-person context gives the reader a unique insight toward the main character's own feelings and choices, as well as the reasons for the choices. The reader is allowed to closely observe Sammy's observations and first impressions of the three girls who come to the grocery store on a summer afternoon in the early 1960s. In order to understand this short story, one must first recognize the social climate of the era, the age of the main character, and the temptation this individual faces. Sammy is a product of his generation. In the 1960s the social climate was changing. The new ideas of the youth were taking over the traditions of their parents. Music and the drug culture began to change the perspective as more people were listening to rock and roll music and experimenting with mind-altering drugs in an effort to free themselves from the strict societal demands of the 1950s. Sammy demonstrates this as he describes his work uniform - the bow tie and apron. This can also be observed when Sammy's manager, Le... Sammy in Updike's A&P Essay -- John Updike The main character in John Updike's short story â€Å"A&P† is Sammy. The story's first-person context gives the reader a unique insight toward the main character's own feelings and choices, as well as the reasons for the choices. The reader is allowed to closely observe Sammy's observations and first impressions of the three girls who come to the grocery store on a summer afternoon in the early 1960s. In order to understand this short story, one must first recognize the social climate of the era, the age of the main character, and the temptation this individual faces. Sammy is a product of his generation. In the 1960s the social climate was changing. The new ideas of the youth were taking over the traditions of their parents. Music and the drug culture began to change the perspective as more people were listening to rock and roll music and experimenting with mind-altering drugs in an effort to free themselves from the strict societal demands of the 1950s. Sammy demonstrates this as he describes his work uniform - the bow tie and apron. This can also be observed when Sammy's manager, Le...

Cost of delivery Essay

1. The chain stores’ request to reduce cycle time by shipping directly to the stores would seriously affect the service model and delivery costs for BKI. Because, the proposed model would mean that BKI would have to process more number of deliveries in smaller quantities and transport them separately to each store. Cost of delivery will increase due to smaller quantities to be delivered directly to stores resulting in more trips, farther distances and lower economies of scale. This is in complete contrast to the more structured and systematic current model of weekly deliveries of standard quantities to the stores’ warehouses. 2. In my opinion, Joe Rutner’s proposal of establishing a set of six company-owned facilities to act as regional DCs seems to be a step in the right direction for taking on the supply chain requirements of BKI’s customers in the future. Rather than dismissing this store’s request as a one-off case and handling it on a temporary basis, Rutner has proposed a solution that is likely to take the company forward into the future. He understands that the retail stores are themselves are looking to cut costs by improving their inventory and supply chain management and such requests would become common from most if not all of the existing customers. Moreover the new retail stores mushrooming in the market are likely to have less regional facilities and would need the proposed arrangement from BKI. 3. The matter of ownership of these facilities is very important for the success of this proposed supply chain arrangement as the management of BKI needs to study the long term impact of the costs involved. In the long term it would be better if BKI goes for direct ownership of the facilities as it would benefit the profitability of the operations by keeping the costs of maintenance lower than those involved in the alternatives such as co-owned or franchisee structure. However, the management will have to consider the availability of capital resources if it opts for direct ownership. The capital required for the facilities could be lowered to an extent by going for rented building rather than constructing new premises. This would decrease the time required to implement the new proposal also.

F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gatsby S Business

Chapter 7 Questions: 1. Who is Pammy? How does Gatsby react when he sees her? How does her existence complicate Gatsby’s dream? Pammy is the daughter of Daisy and Tom Buchanan. Gatsby looks at Pammy with surprise when he meets her, Tom and Daisy's daughter. He is hurt that Daisy has moved on in life without him, while he remains trapped in the love he has had for her all those years. Pammy is living proof, something you cannot undo, and that is why it hurts Gatsby. 2. How does Tom suddenly come to realize that Daisy loves Gatsby? How does he react?Tom suddenly comes to realize that Daisy loves Gatsby when before lunch Gatsby eyes and Daisy's eyes meet, and â€Å"†¦ stare at each other, alone in space. † Tom realizes that they love each other. Their eyes reveal this to him. Tom reacts in shock and did not say anything. He opened his mouth, looked at Gatsby, then back to Daisy as if in disbelief. 3. What important discovery does Wilson make in this chapter? How does he react? Wilson discovers that his wife had an affair. He believes that Myrtle is unworthy. He needs money so he can go out West. 4. What things has Tom discovered about Gatsby’s business dealings?Tom perceives Gatsby as a low-class hustler, a bootlegger who will never be able to distance himself from his past. In Tom's selective mind, Gatsby is common and therefore his existence is meaningless. He comes from ordinary roots and can never change that. The illusion of Jay Gatsby comes tumbling down. In all of Gatsby's years of dreaming, he never once suspected that he might not have his way. He is no longer able to define himself because the dream defined him and now the dream is gone. 5. Why was Myrtle running towards Gatsby’s car? Who was driving the car that hit Myrtle Wilson? Who does Tom think was driving?Myrtle was running away from her husband because he would not let her go. Daisy was driving the car that hit Myrtle Wilson. Tom thought that Gatsby was driving th e car. 6. How does the accident seem to affect Jordan? Jordan doesn’t seem affected by the accident. She acts as if it is just another event in her partying-lifestyle. Nick refers to all of them as â€Å"rotten† because they are self-absorbed, uncaring, selfish, and dishonest people. Daisy killed Myrtle and doesn't seem to feel a thing. Analysis: 7. What has changed about Gatsby’s house? What might this change symbolize or foreshadow?Gatsby’s house has been overtaken by his dream. He let his own desires corrupt his internal sanctuary. 8. What does the author mean when he writes that Tom looked at Daisy â€Å"as if he had just recognized her as someone he knew a long time ago. † He saw the real Daisy, a person that has been covered up by everyone’s desires. She let people think what they want to feel a part of everything. She let people build up their own reputation for her rather than building it up herself. 9. Why do you think Fitzgerald re fers to Daisy as â€Å"the golden girl†? What does Gatsby say Daisy’s voice is â€Å"full of†?What does this comparison suggest about what really attracts men to her? I think that Fitzgerald refers to Daisy as â€Å"the golden girl† because, she was always expected to do everything perfect so that she did not mess up her family’s reputation. Many are drawn to the rich crowd even if they disapprove of them, like Nick. Daisy represents  material wealth  and all that comes with it. These things are class, beauty, comfort and power. Gatsby said that Daisy’s voice was full of money. This shows that she has power over men. Daisy has always had what she wanted growing up in a wealthy home, including her choice of men. 0. How has Gatsby’s dream died in this chapter? How has everyone else suffered loss in this chapter? Gatsby's dream leads him to the destruction, of both the dream and himself. Gatsby wants to be loved by everyone. He doesà ‚  want to have to earn  Daisy. He constantly wants to be the center of attention and have a reputation as a pillar of society. He wants to be wealthy and almost â€Å"god-like†. 11. After the confrontational scene in the hotel room, why do you think Fitzgerald has Nick report that he has turned thirty that day? What is ironic about Nick turning thirty in this particular chapter?It shows Nick maturing and realizing who everyonje really is rather than hiding in the background. It is ironic because as one is celebrating life others are mourning the death of Myrtle Wilson. 12. In this chapter, Gatsby’s car is described as the â€Å"death car. † If his car symbolizes materialism, how does this add meaning to that symbolism? Identify other â€Å"deaths† found in Chapter 7. Gatsby’s dream has become a death and Daisy’s covered up personality has as well. Gatsby’s car was just a role in this charade because Tom was trying to prove a point to everyone. 13. Why is Nick disgusted with Jordan in the end of the chapter?What has she done or said that irritates him? Nick is disgusted with Jordan in the end of chapter 7 because, he finds out that Jordan was dating  another man. Nick did not see Jordan for a long time. Nick is disgusted by the fact that Jordan is spoiled, dishonest, and careless. Jordan wants to win everything at the expense of honesty and trust. Therefore, she makes herself out to be a dishonest person who lies to get what she wants. 14. Chapter 7 parallels Chapter 1 in many ways. One example is the initial setting at the Buchanan’s; a second example is the heat. Identify at least three other similarities.What might be Fitzgerald’s purpose for this parallelism? Three other similarities are. I think that Fitzgerald’s purpose for this parallelism is, 15. How are Tom Buchanan and George Wilson alike? What might Fitzgerald be suggesting through these similarities? Tom used George to get to his wife Myrtle, who gave him the sense of vitality that he longed for, the sense of vitality that Daisy just could not give him. Tom meditated a devious plan to rid Gatsby from Daisy's life. He purposely took Gatsby's car to Wilson's garage so Myrtle would see it and think that it was Tom's new car. 6. How does Fitzgerald draw comparisons between Tom and Gatsby? What might he be suggesting through these similarities? Both want Daisy to be their very own. Being wealthy, wanting Daisy to be their own, and having hostile feelings towards one another. Both Gatsby and Tom strive to be financially successful. Both Gatsby and Tom find their high status in society important. Differences between one another can lead to negative consequences. They see the bad qualities in themselves and hate each other for it. 17. Compare and contrast the following two images.Identify where each occurs in the story and discuss the meaning behind the similarities and differences. 18 He put his hands in his c oat pockets and turned back eagerly to his scrutiny of the house, as though my presence marred the sacredness of the vigil. So I walked away and left him standing there in the moonlight—watching over nothing. 19 But I didn’t call to him, for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone—he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling.Involuntarily I glanced seaward— and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and faraway, that might have been the end of a dock. In both of these scenes Gatsby pushes away the help of others. He does not want people to see the real him or get too close. Everyone has feelings and Gatsby is hit hard when people get in between him and his dreams. Staring out into the big sky and open world helps him clear his head.

Immigration in Lebanon

For a great period of time emigrants from Lebanon have been establishing communities throughout the world, and have been talking a lot about migration, until the number of Lebanese people outside Lebanon became greater than the double the number of Lebanese citizens. The Lebanese migration seems to have several principal causes. Hence, how are those causes really affecting the Lebanese migration? The first one is the economic causes, the second one is the social cause the third one is the weakness of the academic level in Lebanon.The lack of work opportunities and poverty IS ONE OF THE Famous economic problems in Lebanon that causes a massive immigration. People especially men are migrating from Lebanon searching for a job opportunities running from the poverty tending to live a decent life.The overpopulation so as the insecurity and the lack of security programs made a lot of Lebanese people migrate from Lebanon running from a life full of insecurity tending to a safe life. Beside t he overpopulation that made the life needy.The weakness of the academic level in Lebanon where the attraction of the destination countries to the Lebanese people and the lack of experimental fields and the presence of poor managements in the domain was the main reason for Lebanese migration which made it massive compared to the number of teens that are searching for a decent education.

Mastering Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mastering Management - Essay Example tem to machine design as well as production, managing the shift from functional communication lines and responsibility to a plant-level dimension and handling unsatisfied employees at the plant based on their new task assignments and hence mitigate the chances of worker unionization. The selection of a plant manager can be challenging, especially in a situation facing Heritage Appliance Company’s River Woods plant. Consequently, the selection committee must take into consideration certain desirable aspect in order to find the right person for the crucial management position. As the selection committee, the suitable candidate must have expert, referent and reward power, which will successfully interplay with legitimate power accorded by the virtue of being the plant manager to steer the project to success. The candidate must generally have good interpersonal skills, critical problem-solving skills and be proactive. An internal candidate would be more desirable for the position because he/she is already familiar with the culture of the organization and what it intends to achieve. Besides, He already knows the strengths and weaknesses of the staff and can easily help them upgrade to match the new tasks facing

The impact on proposed electrofication in the UK to railway Essay

The impact on proposed electrofication in the UK to railway infrastructure design - Essay Example closures followed after the issue of the Serpell report, which sought to secure improved financial results for the Railways (www.railwaysarchive.co.uk). This has however, only led to road congestion and according to the figures released by the Department of the environment, transport and the regions (DETR), 7% of the road network suffers congestion and 13% suffers heavy congestion for at least half of the year (DETR, 2000:41). Development of the rail network and its electrification has been mooted as a solution to the road congestion problem. The operation of rail services includes the operation of the infrastructure, such as the track and signalling, as well as the operation of freight and passenger services. This study will examine the proposals for rail electrification in the U.K. and its potential impact, to assess the benefits and costs, in order to derive a plan that can be applied for modification of the rail transport network. The Government has recently announced a plan to spend  £1 billion to electrify the rail lines between London and Swansea (BBC News Report, 2009). Existing diesel lines are also proposed to be converted to electric, because the benefits are likely to be cheaper, cleaner and more reliable transport. Therefore it has been suggested that despite the initial large investments in infrastructure that would need to be made, it is likely to be beneficial since the investment would pay for itself over a 40 year period and there would be no increase in fares. In arguing in favour of electrifying the rail network into Wales, Barry (2009) has argued that rail electrification would have a beneficial effect on the economy, despite the infrastructure changes that would be required. This infrastructure expense is considerable and has been estimated to be from about  £800,000 to  £1m, while the amount of track that needs to be covered would be about 90 miles, thereby bringing the costs to  £90m. But the benefits which would result include the